Printing system with opposed printhead assemblies for double-side printing

ABSTRACT

A printing system includes a support arrangement. A print cartridge receiving arrangement is mounted on the support arrangement to engage a print cartridge. A drive mechanism delivers print media from the print cartridge. A print engine is mounted on the support arrangement downstream of the print cartridge and has a pair of opposed printhead assemblies that are configured to perform double-sided printing on print media fed from the print cartridge between the printhead assemblies. A slitter is mounted on the support arrangement downstream of the print engine and is configured to separate the print media into sheets.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser. No.10/760,211 filed on Jan. 21, 2004, all of which is herein incorporatedby reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a printing system. More particularly, thisinvention relates to a printing system with opposed printhead assembliesfor double-sided printing. This invention also relates to a hybridphotofinishing system that is one that provides for digital processingof digitally encoded photographic images and for chemical processing ofexposed photographic film. In one of its possible embodiments, thephotofinishing system provides for page-width printing of print mediathat is fed directly from a roll of the print media to a print headassembly.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS

The following applications have been filed by the Applicantsimultaneously with the present application:

10/760230 10/760225 10/760224 6.991.098 10/760228 6.944.970 10/76021510/760256 10/760257 10/760240 10/760251 10/760266 6.920.704 10/76019310/760214 10/760260 10/760226 10/760269 10/760199 10/760241 10/76027210/760273 10/760187 10/760182 10/760188 10/760218 10/760217 10/76021610/760233 10/760246 10/760212 10/760243 10/760201 10/760185 10/76025310/760255 10/760209 10/760208 10/760194 10/760238 10/760234 10/76023510/760183 10/760189 10/760262 10/760232 10/760231 10/760200 10/76019010/760191 10/760227 10/760207 10/760181 10/760254 10/760210 10/76020210/760197 10/760198 10/760249 10/760263 10/760196 10/760247 10/76022310/760264 10/760244 10/760245 10/760222 10/760248 10/760236 10/76019210/760203 10/760204 10/760205 10/760206 10/760267 10/760270 10/76025910/760271 10/760275 10/760274 10/760268 10/760184 10/760195 10/76018610/760261 10/760258 10/760180 10/760229 10/760213 10/760219 10/76023710/760221 10/760220 10/760252 10/760265The disclosures of these co-pending applications are incorporated hereinby reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Digital photofinishing systems are known and employ a variety oftechnologies, including laser exposure of photographic film, dyesublimation and inkjet printing using conventional types of printers.The present invention has been developed to provide for dual or hybriddigital processing of digitally encoded photographic images and chemicalprocessing of exposed photographic film, and for page-width printing ofprint media that is fed directly from a roll of the media to a printhead assembly, so as to facilitate application of the invention tophotographic processing in the context of so-called Minilab photographicservices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly defined, the present invention provides photofinishing systemcomprising:

-   -   a) a digital processor, a printer and means for feeding print        media to the printer from a roll of the print media; the digital        processor being arranged to receive digitised data that is        representative of a photographic image and to process the data        in a manner to generate a printer drive signal that is        representative of the photographic image, the printer being        coupled to the digital processor and being arranged to process        the drive signal and effect printing of the photographic image        on the print media as it is fed to the printer from the roll,        and provided as an integrated component of the photofinishing        system,    -   b) means for providing controlled chemical development and        subsequent printing of exposed photographic film.

In one embodiment of the invention images carried by developed film arescanned to produce a printer drive signal for feeding to the printerthat is coupled to the digital processor

The roll of print media is advantageously provided by way of areplaceable cartridge, which may also be employed to carry at least onereservoir of ink for the printer. In this embodiment of the inventionthe cartridge may be mounted removably to a mounting platform, to whichthe printer is also mounted, and, when so mounted, engage with a fixeddrive system that may be energized when required to advance the printmedia toward the printer.

The invention will be more fully understood from the followingdescription of an embodiment of a digital photofinishing system thatincorporates an exemplified form of the invention. The description isprovided with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the digital photofinishingsystem,

FIG. 2 shows in perspective cabinetry that mounts and containscomponents of the digital photofinishing system,

FIG. 3 shows cabinetry that is similar to that of FIG. 2 but which alsoincorporates a conventional film processing system,

FIG. 4 shows an exploded perspective view of the cabinetry of FIG. 1 andcomponents of the digital photofinishing system,

FIGS. 5 and 6 show right hand and left hand perspective viewsrespectively of the components of the digital photofinishing systemremoved from the cabinetry of FIG. 1,

FIG. 7 shows an exploded perspective view of the components of FIGS. 5and 6 together with ancillary components,

FIG. 8 shows a sectional elevation view of the components of FIGS. 5 and6,

FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of two (upper and lower) confrontingprint head assemblies that constitute components of the digitalphotofinishing system,

FIG. 10 shows an exploded perspective view of the print head assembliesof FIG. 9,

FIG. 11 shows a sectional end view of one print head assembly of a typethat is slightly different in construction from that shown in FIGS. 9and 10,

FIG. 12 shows a perspective view of an end portion of a channelledsupport member removed from the print head assembly of FIG. 11 and fluiddelivery lines connected to the support member,

FIG. 13 shows an end view of connections made between the fluid deliverylines and the channelled support member of FIG. 12,

FIG. 14 shows a printed circuit board, with electronic componentsmounted to the board, when removed from a casing portion of the printhead assembly of FIG. 11,

FIGS. 15 and 16 show right hand and left hand views respectively of acartridge that constitutes a removable/replaceable component of thedigital photofinishing system,

FIG. 17 shows an exploded perspective view of the cartridge as shown inFIGS. 15 and 16,

FIG. 18 shows, in perspective, a sectional view of a portion a printhead chip that incorporates printing fluid delivery nozzles and, in theform of an integrated circuit, nozzle actuators,

FIG. 19 shows a vertical section of a single nozzle in a quiescentstate,

FIG. 20 shows a vertical section of a single nozzle in an initialactivation state,

FIG. 21 shows a vertical section of a single nozzle in a lateractivation state,

FIG. 22 shows a perspective view of a single nozzle in the activationstate shown in FIG. 21,

FIG. 23 shows in perspective a sectioned view of the nozzle of FIG. 22,

FIG. 24 shows a sectional elevation view of the nozzle of FIG. 22,

FIG. 25 shows in perspective a partial sectional view of the nozzle ofFIG. 20,

FIG. 26 shows a plan view of the nozzle of FIG. 19,

FIG. 27 shows a view similar to FIG. 26 but with lever arm and moveablenozzle portions omitted,

FIG. 28 illustrates data flow and functions performed by a print enginecontroller (“PEC”) that forms one of the circuit components shown inFIG. 14,

FIG. 29 illustrates the PEC of FIG. 28 in the context of an overallprinting system architecture, and

FIG. 30 illustrates the architecture of the PEC of FIG. 29.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

As illustrated schematically in FIG. 1, the digital photofinishingsystem (referred to hereinafter as a “photofinishing system”) comprisesa computer 20 which is arranged selectively to receive an input from aninput source 21 which, although not specifically illustrated in FIG. 1,might typically comprise one or more of:

-   -   a) A scanning device.    -   b) A dedicated photo (film or print) scanning device.    -   c) A computer disk.    -   d) A digital camera output.    -   e) A digital camera memory card.    -   f) A digital file stored on a photographic negative or print.    -   g) An internet (or intranet) connection.

A control and/or monitoring device 22 is connected to the computer foreffecting control and/or monitoring functions and, although notspecifically illustrated, such device might typically comprise one ormore of:

-   -   a) A keyboard.    -   b) A touch screen, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.    -   c) A mouse.    -   d) A monitor.

Digital output signals 23 from the computer might be directed or routedto one or more of a variety of devices such as:

-   -   a) A data storage device.    -   b) A file storage device or system.    -   c) An internet connection.    -   d) One or more printers 24 as shown inter alia in FIG. 1.

A print media supply 25, a printing fluid supply 26 and an air supply 27are coupled to the (or each) printer 24, and printed media from theprinter(s) 24 is directed to a storage device 28 by way of a drier 29and a slitting device 30.

The photofinishing system as illustrated in FIG. 1 may comprise and betermed a “digital minilab” for processing and printing photographicimages that are fed to the computer 20, either directly or indirectly,as digitised images from input sources such as those referred topreviously. In such case the print media supply 25 might comprise paper,card or plastic foil, all in either sheet or roll form, and the printingfluid supply might comprise one or more printing inks, depending uponwhether the printer(s) is (or are) driven to produce colour prints,black-on-white prints or “invisible” infrared digital image encodedprints. Also, when processing and printing photographic images, theslitting device 30 may be driven to cut differently sized prints from asingle width roll of print media. Thus, assuming a 12 inch (˜30 mm) wideroll of print media, the media may, for example, be slit to producephotographic prints having sizes selected from:

-   1-12×8 print-   1-12×4 print-   2-6×4 prints-   3-4×6 prints-   4-3×5 prints.

An important feature of the photofinishing system is that it employswhat might be termed plain paper, page-width printing of photographicimages. Thus, unlike conventional types of photographic minilabs thatrequire:

-   the development of film, the use of sensitised (coated) printing    papers, specialised chemicals for use in developing, printing,    stopping and fixing images, and skilled manipulation of    developing/printing processes;-   the photofinishing system as described herein effectively embodies a    computer controlled printing system which, at least in some    embodiments, provides for relatively simple, high speed yet flexible    digital processing and subsequent page-width printing of    photographic images.

The photofinishing system may be integrated in the cabinetry shown inFIGS. 2 and 4 and, in that form, comprise a cabinet 31 having doors 32,33 and 34. The cabinet is itself provided internally with an upper shelf35 for receiving components 36 of the processing system, which arereferred to later in greater detail, and with lower shelves 37 forreceiving replacement and/or expended cartridge components 38 which alsoare referred to later in further detail. Mounted to an upper deck of thecabinet are input signal-generating devices in the form of a flatbedscanner 39, a high resolution 35 mm film and/or APS cartridge scanner40, a touch screen control/monitoring device 41 incorporating a liquidcrystal display, and a USB input and/or output device 42.

Print receiving trays 43 are located at one end of the cabinet and arecoupled to a tray elevating device 44 of a conventional form.

The photofinishing system may alternatively be integrated in thecabinetry shown in FIG. 3 and, when in that form, further include a filmprocessing unit 45. The film processing unit 45, although notillustrated in detail, comprises film processing apparatus of aconventional form which is known in the so-called minilab art forchemically developing and printing exposed photographic print and/orslide (transparency) film. Also, although again not shown, the filmprocessing unit 45 includes compartments and/or reservoirs as known inthe art for receiving chemicals that conventionally are used indeveloping, stopping and fixing development and printing of film andprint paper.

The components 36 of the photofinishing system are now described ingreater detail by reference to FIG. 1 and, selectively, to FIGS. 4 to 25of the drawings.

Inputs to the computer 20 are provided as standardised image compressionsignals and are processed, typically as JPEG files, using processingprocedures that are known in the art. File manipulation, again usingprocedures that are known in the art, may be provided for in two ways:

-   -   1) Automatically, for example, for effecting artefact        adjustments such as red-eye removal, colour density adjustment        and histogram equalisation, and    -   2) Manually, for example, for effecting such image modifications        as colour-to-black-and-white translation, sepia finishing, image        rotation and image cropping.

The illustrated output 23 (which in practice will be constituted by aplurality of output components) from the computer 20 is directed to theprinter 24 which, when in the form illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10comprises two confronting print head assemblies 50 and 51. The printhead assemblies are arranged selectively to direct printing ink onto oneor the other or both of two faces of a single sheet of print media or,as in the case of the illustrated photofinishing system, onto one or theother or both of two faces of print media from a roll 75 of print media.

The print head assemblies 50 and 51 are mounted in space-apartrelationship, that is they are separated by a distance sufficient topermit the passage of the print media between the assemblies during aprinting activity, and the print head assemblies are mounted upon asupport platform 52.

Each of the print head assemblies 50 and 51 may, for example, be in theform of that which is described in the Applicant's co-pending U.S.patent applications Ser. Nos. 10/760,272, 10/760,273, 10/760,187,10/760,187, 10/760,188, 10/760,218, 10/760,217, 10/760,218, 10/760,233,10/760,246, 10/760,212, 10/760,243, 10/760,201, 10/760,185, 10/760,253,10/760,255, 10/760,209, 10/760,208, 10/760,194, 10/760,238, 10/760,234,10/760,235, 10/760,183, 10/760,189, 10/760,262, 10/760,232, 10/760,231,10/760,200, 10/760,190, 10/760,191, 10/760,227, 10/760,207, 10/760,187,which is incorporated herein by reference, but other types of print headassemblies (including thermal or piezo-electric activated bubble jetprinters) that are known in the art may alternatively be employed.

In general terms, and as illustrated in FIGS. 9 to 14 forexemplification purposes, each of the print head assemblies 50 and 51comprises four print head modules 55, each of which in turn comprises aunitary arrangement of:

-   -   a) a plastics material support member 56,    -   b) four print head micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)        integrated circuit chips 57 (referred to herein simply as “print        head chips”),    -   c) a fluid distribution arrangement 58 mounting each of the        print head chips 57 to the support member 56, and    -   d) a flexible printed circuit connector 59 for connecting        electrical power and signals to each of the print head chips 57.

Each of the chips (as described in more detail later) has up to 7680nozzles formed therein for delivering printing fluid onto the surface ofthe print media and, possibly, a further 640 nozzles for deliveringpressurised air or other gas toward the print media.

The four print head modules 55 are removably located in a channelportion 60 of a casing 61 by way of the support member 56 and the casingcontains electrical circuitry 62 mounted on four printed circuit boards63 (one for each print head module 55) for controlling delivery ofcomputer regulated power and drive signals by way of flexible PCBconnectors 63 a to the print head chips 57. As illustrated in FIGS. 9and 10, electrical power and print activating signals are delivered toone end of the two print head assemblies 50 and 51 by way of conductors64, and printing ink and air are delivered to the other end of the twoprint head assemblies by fluid delivery lines 65.

The printed circuit boards 63 are carried by plastics material mouldings66 which are located within the casing 61 and the mouldings also carrybusbars 67 which in turn carry current for powering the print head chips57 and the electrical circuitry. A cover 68 normally closes the casing61 and, when closed, the cover acts against a loading element 69 thatfunctions to urge the flexible printed circuit connector 59 against thebusbars 67.

The four print head modules 55 may incorporate four conjoined supportmembers 56 or, alternatively, a single support member 56 may be providedto extend along the full length of each print head assembly 50 and 51and be shared by all four print head modules. That is, a single supportmember 56 may carry all sixteen print head chips 57.

As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, the support member 56 comprises anextrusion that is formed with seven longitudinally extending closedchannels 70, and the support member is provided in its upper surfacewith groups 71 of millimetric sized holes. Each group comprises sevenseparate holes 72 which extend into respective ones of the channels 70and each group of holes is associated with one of the print head chips57. Also, the holes 72 of each group are positioned obliquely across thesupport member 56 in the longitudinal direction of the support member.

A coupling device 73 is provided for coupling fluid into the sevenchannels 70 from respective ones of the fluid delivery lines 65.

The fluid distribution arrangements 58 are provided for channellingfluid (printing ink and air) from each group 71 of holes to anassociated one of the print head chips 57. Printing fluids from six ofthe seven channel 70 are delivered to twelve rows of nozzles on eachprint head chip 57 (ie, one fluid to two rows) and themillimetric-to-micrometric distribution of the fluids is effected by wayof the fluid distribution arrangements 58. For a more detaileddescription of one arrangement for achieving this process reference maybe made to the co-pending U.S. patent application referred topreviously.

An illustrative embodiment of one print head chip 57 is described inmore detail, with reference to FIGS. 18 to 27, toward the end of thisdrawing-related description; as is an illustrative embodiment of a printengine controller for the print head assemblies 50 and 51. The printengine controller is later described with reference to FIGS. 28 to 30.

A print media guide 74 is mounted to each of the print head assemblies50 and 51 and is shaped and arranged to guide the print media past theprinting surface, as defined collectively by the print head chips 57, ina manner to preclude the print media from contacting the nozzles of theprint head chips.

As indicated previously, the fluids to be delivered to the print headassemblies 50 and 51 will be determined by the functionality of theprocessing system. However, as illustrated, provision is made fordelivering six printing fluids and air to the print head chips 57 by wayof the seven channels 70 in the support member 56. The six printingfluids may comprise:

-   Cyan printing ink-   Magenta printing ink-   Yellow printing ink-   Black printing ink-   Infrared ink-   Fixative.

The filtered air will in use be delivered at a pressure slightly aboveatmospheric from a pressurised source (not shown) that is integrated inthe processing system.

The print media may, as indicated previously, be provided in variousforms. However, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 17 the print media isconveniently provided in the form of a paper roll 75 from which paperis, on demand, unrolled and transported through the printing, drying andslitting stages under the control of the computer 20.

As illustrated, the paper roll 75 is housed in and provided by way of areplaceable/rechargeable, primary cartridge 76, and the printing fluidsare provided in refillable, secondary cartridges 77 which are removablylocated within a tubular core 78 of the primary cartridge 76. Four onlyof the secondary cartridges 77 are shown in FIG. 17 of the drawings, forcontaining the four printing inks referred to above, but it will beunderstood that further secondary cartridges may be provided in the sameway for infrared ink and for fixative if required.

Fluid outlet ports 79 are provided in an end cap 80 that is located inan end wall 81 of the primary cartridge 76 to facilitate connection ofthe fluid delivery lines 65 to respective ones of the secondarycartridges 77.

The primary cartridge 76 comprises a generally cylindrical housingportion 82, that is shaped and dimensioned to surround a full roll ofthe paper 75, and a generally oblong paper delivery portion 83 thatextends forwardly from a lower region of the housing portion 82. Boththe housing portion 82 and the paper delivery portion 83 extend betweenend walls 81 and 84 of the primary cartridge 76, and the end walls areprovided with bearings 85 which carry the tubular core 78. Low frictionroll support bearings 86 are carried by the tubular core 78 forsupporting the paper roll 75, and an end cap 87 having a bayonet fittingis provided for capping the end of the tubular core that is remote fromthe end cap 80.

The housing portion 82 of the primary cartridge 76 and the end walls 81and 84 are, as illustrated, configured and interconnected in a manner tofacilitate convenient removal and replacement of a spent roll 75 andempty secondary cartridges 77. To this end, a latching closure 88 isremovably fitted to the end of the cartridge through which replacementpaper rolls 75 are loaded.

A sliding door 89 is provided in a vertical wall portion of the housingportion 82 immediately above the paper delivery portion 83. The door 89is normally biased toward a closed position by a spring 90 and the dooris opened only when the cartridge is located in an operating position(to be further described) and drive is to be imparted to the paper roll75.

Located within and extending along the length of the paper deliveryportion 83 of the primary cartridge 76 are a gravity loaded or, ifrequired, a spring loaded tensioning roller 91, a drive roller 92 whichis fitted with a coupling 93 and a pinch roller 94. A slotted gate 95 islocated in the forward face of the paper delivery portion 83 throughwhich paper from the roll 75 is in use directed by the drive and pinchrollers.

The complete primary cartridge 76 is fitted as a replaceable unit into acompartment 96 of a mounting platform 97 that supports, inter alia, theprint head assemblies 50 and 51, the drier 29 and the slitting device30. The cartridge housing portion 82 and the compartment 96 are sizedand arranged to provide a neat sliding fit for the cartridge and topreclude significant relative movement of the components.

A paper feed drive mechanism 98 is mounted to the compartment 96 andcomprises a pivotable carrier 99 that is pivotally mounted to an upperwall portion 100 of the compartment 96 by way of a pivot axis 101. Afirst drive motor 102 is also mounted to the compartment 96 and iscoupled to the carrier 99 by way of a drive shaft 103. Drive is impartedto the shaft 103 by way of a worm wheel and pinion drive arrangement104, and pivotal drive is imparted to the pivot able carrier 99 by shaftpinions 105 that mesh with racks 106 that are formed integrally withside members 107 of the pivot able carrier.

A second drive motor 108 is mounted to the pivot able carrier 99 and isprovided for imparting drive to a primary drive roller 109 by way of adrive belt 110.

In operation of the photofinishing system, when the sliding door 89 isopened, the first drive motor 102 is energised to pivot the carrier 99such that the primary drive roller 109 is moved into driving engagementwith the paper roll 75, and the second drive motor 108 is then energisedto cause rotary drive to be imparted to the paper roll 75.

A third drive motor 111, which couples with the drive roller 92 by wayof the coupling 93, is also energised in synchronism with the first andsecond drive motors for directing the paper 75 from the cartridge 76 asit is unwound from the roll 75. Feedback sensors (not shown) areprovided as components of electric control circuitry 112 for the motors102, 108 and 111.

The motor control circuitry 112 is mounted to the mounting platform 97adjacent components of the computer 20. As illustrated in FIG. 7, thosecomponents include a power supply 113, a CPU 114, a hard disk drive 115and PCI boards 116.

The print head assemblies 50 and 51 (as previously described) aremounted to the mounting platform 97 immediately ahead of the slottedgate 97 of the cartridge 76 (in the direction of paper feed) and areselectively driven to deliver printing fluid to one or the other or bothfaces of the paper as it passes between the print head assemblies. Then,having passed between the print head assemblies the paper is guided intoand through the drier 29.

The drier 29 comprises a series of guide rollers 120 that extend betweenside walls of a housing 121, and upper and lower blowers 122 areprovided for directing drying air onto one or the other or both faces ofthe paper as it passes through the drier.

The slitting device 30 comprises guide rollers 123 and guide vanes 124that extend between side walls 125 of the slitting device fortransporting the paper through the slitting device following its passagethrough the drier 29. Also, spaced-apart slitting blades 126 are mountedto shafts 127 which are, in turn, mounted to a rotatable turret 128, andthe turret is selectively positional, relative to a supporting roller128 a, to effect one or another of a number of possible slittingoperations as previously described.

A guillotine 129 is also mounted to the slitting device 30 and isselectively actuable in conjunction with the slitting device to cut thepaper 75 at selected intervals.

In operation of the above described and illustrated processing system,an input signal that is representative of a digitised photograph orphotograph-type image is input to the computer 20 and processed and, ifrequired, manipulated for the purpose of generating an output signal.The output signal is representative of a photographic image to beprinted by the printer 24 and is employed to drive the printer 24 by wayof the print head control circuitry 62 in the print head assemblies 50and 51. As indicated previously, the print head assemblies are driven toprovide on demand page-width printing and relevant (typical) printingcharacteristics are identified as follows:

-   Pagewidth dimension—150 mm to 1250 mm-   Print head width—160 mm to 1280 mm-   Number of print head chips per print head—8 to 64-   Number of nozzles per print head chip—7680-   Number of nozzles per colour per print head chip—1280-   Nozzle activation (repetition) rate—20 to 50 kHz-   Drop size per nozzle—1.5 to 5.0 picolitre-   Paper feed rate—Up to 2.0 m per sec

One of the print head chips 57 is now described in more detail withreference to FIGS. 18 to 27.

As indicated above, each print head chip 57 is provided with 7680printing fluid delivery nozzles 150. The nozzles are arrayed in twelverows 151, each having 640 nozzles, with an inter-nozzle spacing X of 32microns, and adjacent rows are staggered by a distance equal to one-halfof the inter-nozzle spacing so that a nozzle in one row is positionedmid-way between two nozzles in adjacent rows. Also, there is aninter-nozzle spacing Y of 80 microns between adjacent rows of nozzles.

Two adjacent rows of the nozzles 150 are fed from a common supply ofprinting fluid. This, with the staggered arrangement, allows for closerspacing of ink dots during printing than would be possible with a singlerow of nozzles and also allows for a level of redundancy thataccommodates nozzle failure.

The print head chips 57 are manufactured using an integrated circuitfabrication technique and, as previously indicated, embody amicro-electromechanical system (MEMS).

Each print head chip 57 includes a silicon wafer substrate 152 and a0.42 micron 1 P4M 12 volt CMOS microprocessing circuit is formed on thewafer. Thus, a silicon dioxide layer 153 is deposited on the substrate152 as a dielectric layer and aluminium electrode contact layers 154 aredeposited on the silicon dioxide layer 153. Both the substrate 152 andthe layer 153 are etched to define an ink channel 155, and an aluminiumdiffusion barrier 156 is positioned about the ink channel 155.

A passivation layer 157 of silicon nitride is deposited over thealuminium contact layers 154 and the layer 153. Portions of thepassivation layer 157 that are positioned over the contact layers 154have openings 158 therein to provide access to the contact layers.

Each nozzle 150 includes a nozzle chamber 159 which is defined by anozzle wall 160, a nozzle roof 161 and a radially inner nozzle rim 162.The ink channel 155 is in fluid communication with the chamber 159.

A moveable rim 163, that includes a movable seal lip 164, is located atthe lower end of the nozzle wall 160. An encircling wall 165 surroundsthe nozzle and provides a stationery seal lip 166 that, when the nozzle150 is at rest as shown in FIG. 19, is adjacent the moveable rim 163. Afluidic seal 167 is formed due to the surface tension of ink trappedbetween the stationery seal 166 and the moveable seal lip 164. Thisprevents leakage of ink from the chamber whilst providing a lowresistance coupling between the encircling wall 165 and a nozzle wall160.

The nozzle wall 160 forms part of lever arrangement that is mounted to acarrier 168 having a generally U-shaped profile with a base 169 attachedto the layer 157. The lever arrangement also includes a lever arm 170that extends from the nozzle wall and incorporates a lateral stiffeningbeam 171. The lever arm 170 is attached to as pair of passive beams 172that are formed from titanium nitride and are positioned at each side ofthe nozzle as best seen in FIGS. 22 and 25. The other ends of thepassive beams 172 are attached to the carriers 168.

The lever arm 170 is also attached to an actuator beam 173, which isformed from TiN. This attachment to the actuator beam is made at a pointa small but critical distance higher than the attachments to the passivebeam 172.

As can best be seen from FIGS. 22 and 25, the actuator beam 173 issubstantially U-shaped in plan, defining a current path between anelectrode 174 and an opposite electrode 175. Each of the electrodes 174and 175 is electrically connected to a respective point in the contactlayer 154. The actuator beam 173 is also mechanically secured to ananchor 176, and the anchor 176 is configured to constrain motion of theactuator beam 173 to the left of FIGS. 19 to 21 when the nozzlearrangement is activated.

The actuator beam 807 is conductive, being composed of TiN, but has asufficiently high enough electrical resistance to generate self-heatingwhen a current is passed between the electrodes 174 and 175. No currentflows through the passive beams 172, so they do experience thermalexpansion.

In operation, the nozzle is filled with ink 177 that defines a meniscus178 under the influence of surface tension. The ink is retained in thechamber 159 by the meniscus, and will not generally leak out in theabsence of some other physical influence.

To fire ink from the nozzle, a current is passed between the contacts174 and 175, passing through the actuator beam 173. The self-heating ofthe beam 173 causes the beam to expand, and the actuator beam 173 isdimensioned and shaped so that the beam expands predominantly in ahorizontal direction with respect to FIGS. 19 to 21. The expansion isconstrained to the left by the anchor 176, so the end of the actuatorbeam 173 adjacent the lever arm 170 is impelled to the right.

The relative horizontal inflexibility of the passive beams 172 preventsthem from allowing much horizontal movement of the lever arm 170.However, the relative displacement of the attachment points of thepassive beams and actuator beam respectively to the lever arm causes atwisting movement that, in turn, causes the lever arm 170 to movegenerally downwardly with a pivoting or hinging motion. However, theabsence of a true pivot point means that rotation is about a pivotregion defined by bending of the passive beams 172.

The downward movement (and slight rotation) of the lever arm 170 isamplified by the distance of the nozzle wall 160 from the passive beams172.

The downward movement of the nozzle walls and roof causes a pressureincrease within the chamber 159, causing the meniscus 178 to bulge asshown in FIG. 20, although the surface tension of the ink causes thefluid seal 11 to be stretched by this motion without allowing ink toleak out.

As shown in FIG. 21, at the appropriate time the drive current isstopped and the actuator beam 173 quickly cools and contracts. Thecontraction causes the lever arm to commence its return to the quiescentposition, which in turn causes a reduction in pressure in the chamber159. The interplay of the momentum of the bulging ink and its inherentsurface tension, and the negative pressure caused by the upward movementof the nozzle chamber 159 causes thinning, and ultimately snapping, ofthe bulging meniscus 178 to define an ink drop 179 that continuesupwards until it contacts passing print media 75.

Immediately after the drop 179 detaches, the meniscus 178 forms theconcave shape shown in FIG. 21. Surface tension causes the pressure inthe chamber 159 to remain relatively low until ink has been suckedupwards through the inlet 155, which returns the nozzle arrangement andthe ink to the quiescent situation shown in FIG. 19.

As can best be seen from FIG. 22, the print head chip 57 alsoincorporates a test mechanism that can be used both post-manufacture andperiodically after the print head assembly has been installed. The testmechanism includes a pair of contacts 180 that are connected to testcircuitry (not shown). A bridging contact 181 is provided on a finger182 that extends from the lever arm 170. Because the bridging contact181 is on the opposite side of the passive beams 172, actuation of thenozzle causes the bridging contact 181 to move upwardly, into contactwith the contacts 180. Test circuitry can be used to confirm thatactuation causes this closing of the circuit formed by the contacts 180and 181. If the circuit is closed appropriately, it can generally beassumed that the nozzle is operative.

As stated previously the integrated circuits of the print head chips 57are controlled by the print engine controller (PEC) integrated circuitsof the drive electronics 62. One or more PEC integrated circuits 100 isor are provided (depending upon the printing speed required) in order toenable page-width printing over a variety of different sized pages orcontinuous sheets. As described previously, each of the printed circuitboards 63 carried by the support moulding 66 carries one PEC integratedcircuit 190 (FIG. 25) which interfaces with four of the print head chips57, and the PEC integrated circuit 190 essentially drives the integratedcircuits of the print head chips 57 and transfers received print datathereto in a form suitable to effect printing.

An example of a PEC integrated circuit which is suitable for driving theprint head chips is described in the Applicant's co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. Nos. 09/575,108, 09/575,109, 09/575,110, 09/607,985,09/607,990, and 09/606,999, which are incorporated herein by reference.However, a brief description of the circuit is provided as follows withreference to FIGS. 28 to 30.

The data flow and functions performed by the PEC integrated circuit 190are described for a situation where the PEC integrated circuit isprovided for driving a print head assembly 50 an 51 having a pluralityof print head modules 55, that is four modules as described above. Asalso described above, each print head module 55 provides for sixchannels of fluid for printing, these being:

-   -   Cyan, Magenta and Yellow (CMY) for regular colour printing;    -   Black (K) for black text and other black or greyscale printing;    -   Infrared (IR) for tag-enabled applications; and    -   Fixative (F) to enable printing at high speed.

As indicated in FIG. 28, photographic images are supplied to the PECintegrated circuit 190 by the computer 20, which is programmed toperform the various processing steps 191 to 194 involved in printing animage prior to transmission to the PEC integrated circuit 190. Thesesteps will typically involve receiving the image data (step 191) andstoring this data in a memory buffer of the computer system (step 192)in which photograph layouts may be produced and any required objects maybe added. Pages from the memory buffer are rasterized (step 193) and arethen compressed (step 194) prior to transmission to the PEC integratedcircuit 190. Upon receiving the image data, the PEC integrated circuit190 processes the data so as to drive the integrated circuits of theprint head chips 57.

Due to the page-width nature of the printhead assembly of the presentinvention, each photographic image should be printed at a constant speedto avoid creating visible artifacts. This means that the printing speedshould be varied to match the input data rate. Document rasterizationand document printing are therefore decoupled to ensure the printheadassembly has a constant supply of data. In this arrangement, an image isnot printed until it is fully rasterized and, in order to achieve a highconstant printing speed, a compressed version of each rasterized pageimage is stored in memory.

Because contone colour images are reproduced by stochastic dithering,but black text and line graphics are reproduced directly using dots, thecompressed image format contains a separate foreground bi-level blacklayer and background contone colour layer. The black layer is compositedover the contone layer after the contone layer is dithered. If required,a final layer of tags (in IR or black ink) is optionally added to theimage for printout.

Dither matrix selection regions in the image description are rasterizedto a contone-resolution bi-lev bitmap which is losslessly compressed tonegligible size and which forms part of the compressed image. The IRlayer of the printed page optionally contains encoded tags at aprogrammable density.

Each compressed image is transferred to the PEC integrated circuit 190where it is then stored in a memory buffer 195. The compressed image isthen retrieved and fed to an image expander 196 in which images areretrieved. If required, any dither may be applied to any contone layerby a dithering means 197 and any black bi-level layer may be compositedover the contone layer by a compositor 198 together with any infraredtags which may be rendered by the rendering means 199. The PECintegrated circuit 190 then drives the integrated circuits of the printhead chips 57 to print the composite image data at step 200 to produce aprinted (photograph) image 201.

The process performed by the PEC integrated circuit 190 may beconsidered to consist of a number of distinct stages. The first stagehas the ability to expand a JPEG-compressed contone CMYK layer. Inparallel with this, bi-level IR tag data can be encoded from thecompressed image. The second stage dithers the contone CMYK layer usinga dither matrix selected by a dither matrix select map and, if required,composites a bi-level black layer over the resulting bi-level K layerand adds the IR layer to the image. A fixative layer is also generatedat each dot position wherever there is a need in any of the C, M, Y, K,or IR channels. The last stage prints the bi-level CMYK+IR data throughthe print head assembly 50 and/or 51.

FIG. 29 shows the PEC integrated circuit 190 in the context of theoverall printing system architecture. The various components of thearchitecture include:

-   -   The PEC integrated circuit 190 which is responsible for        receiving the compressed page images for storage in a memory        buffer 202, performing the page expansion, black layer        compositing and sending the dot data to the print head chips 57.        The PEC integrated circuit 190 may also communicate with a        master Quality Assurance (QA) integrated circuit 203 and with an        ink cartridge Quality Assurance (QA) integrated circuit 204. The        PEC integrated circuit 190 also provides a means of retrieving        the print head assembly characteristics to ensure optimum        printing.    -   The memory buffer 202 for storing the compressed image and for        scratch use during the printing of a given page. The        construction and working of memory buffers is known to those        skilled in the art and a range of standard integrated circuits        and techniques for their use might be utilized.    -   The master integrated circuit 203 which is matched to the ink        cartridge QA integrated circuit 204. The construction and        working of QA integrated circuits is also known to those skilled        in the art and a range of known QA processes might be utilized.

The PEC integrated circuit 190 of the present invention effectivelyperforms four basic levels of functionality:

-   -   Receiving compressed pages via a serial interface such as an        IEEE 1394.    -   Acting as a print engine for producing an image from a        compressed form. The print engine functionality includes        expanding the image, dithering the contone layer, compositing        the black layer over the contone layer, optionally adding        infrared tags, and sending the resultant image to the integrated        circuits of the print head chips.    -   Acting as a print controller for controlling the print head        chips 57 and the stepper motors 102, 108 and 111 of the printing        system.    -   Serving as two standard low-speed serial ports for communication        with the two QA integrated circuits. In this regard, two ports        are used, and not a single port, so as to ensure strong security        during authentication procedures.

These functions are now described in more detail with reference to FIG.30, which provides a more specific, exemplary illustration of the PECintegrated circuit architecture.

The PEC integrated circuit 190 incorporates a simple micro-controllerCPU core 204 to perform the following functions:

-   -   Perform QA integrated circuit authentication protocols via a        serial interface 205 between print images.    -   Run the stepper motors 102, 108 and 111 of the printing system        via a parallel interface 206 during printing to control delivery        of the paper 75 to the printer for printing.    -   Synchronize the various components of the PEC integrated circuit        190 during printing.    -   Provide a means of interfacing with external data requests        (programming registers, etc).    -   Provide a means of interfacing with the print head assemblies'        low-speed data requests (such as reading characterization        vectors and writing pulse profiles).    -   Provide a means of writing portrait and landscape tag structures        to an external DRAM 207.

In order to perform the image expansion and printing process, the PECintegrated circuit 190 includes a high-speed serial interface 208 (suchas a standard IEEE 1394 interface), a standard JPEG decoder 209, astandard Group 4 Fax decoder 210, a custom halftoner/compositor (HC)211, a custom tag encoder 212, a line loader/formatter (LLF) 213, and aprint head interface 214 (PHI) which communicates with the print headchips 57. The decoders 209 and 210 and the tag encoder 212 are bufferedto the HC 211. The tag encoder 212 allocates infrared tags to images.

The print engine function works in a double-buffered manner. That is,one image is loaded into the external DRAM 207 via a DRAM interface 215and a data bus 216 from the high-speed serial interface 208, while thepreviously loaded image is read from the DRAM 207 and passed through theprint engine process. When the image has been printed, the image justloaded becomes the image being printed, and a new image is loaded viathe high-speed serial interface 208.

At the aforementioned first stage, the process expands anyJPEG-compressed contone (CMYK) layers, and expands any of two Group 4Fax-compressed bi-level data streams. The two streams are the blacklayer and a matte for selecting between dither matrices for contonedithering. At the second stage, in parallel with the first, any tags areencoded for later rendering in either IR or black ink.

Finally, in the third stage the contone layer is dithered, and positiontags and the bi-level spot layer are composited over the resultingbi-level dithered layer. The data stream is ideally adjusted to createsmooth transitions across overlapping segments in the print headassembly and ideally it is adjusted to compensate for dead nozzles inthe print head assemblies. Up to six channels of bi-level data areproduced from this stage.

However, it will be understood that not all of the six channels need beactivated. For example, the print head modules 55 may provide for CMYonly, with K pushed into the CMY channels and IR ignored. Alternatively,the position tags may be printed in K if IR ink is not employed. Theresultant bi-level CMYK-IR dot-data is buffered and formatted forprinting with the integrated circuits of the print head chips 57 via aset of line buffers (not shown). The majority of these line buffersmight be ideally stored on the external DRAM 207. In the final stage,the six channels of bi-level dot data are printed via the PHI 214.

The HC 211 combines the functions of half-toning the contone (typicallyCMYK) layer to a bi-level version of the same, and compositing the spot1bi-level layer over the appropriate half-toned contone layer(s). Ifthere is no K ink, the HC 211 functions to map K to CMY dots asappropriate. It also selects between two dither matrices on apixel-by-pixel basis, based on the corresponding value in the dithermatrix select map. The input to the HC 211 is an expanded contone layer(from the JPEG decoder 205) through a buffer 217, an expanded bi-levelspot1 layer through a buffer 218, an expanded dither-matrix-selectbitmap at typically the same resolution as the contone layer through abuffer 219, and tag data at full dot resolution through a buffer (FIFO)220.

The HC 211 uses up to two dither matrices, read from the external DRAM207. The output from the HC 211 to the LLF 213 is a set of printerresolution bi-level image lines in up to six colour planes. Typically,the contone layer is CMYK or CMY, and the bi-level spot1 layer is K.Once started, the HC 211 proceeds until it detects an “end-of-image”condition, or until it is explicitly stopped via a control register (notshown).

The LLF 213 receives dot information from the HC 211, loads the dots fora given print line into appropriate buffer storage (some on integratedcircuit (not shown) and some in the external DRAM 207) and formats theminto the order required for the integrated circuits of the print headchips 57. More specifically, the input to the LLF 213 is a set of six32-bit words and a Data Valid bit, all generated by the HC 211.

As previously described, the physical location of the nozzles 150 on theprint head chips is in two offset rows 151, which means that odd andeven dots of the same colour are for two different lines. In addition,there is a number of lines between the dots of one colour and the dotsof another. Since the six colour planes for the same dot position arecalculated at one time by the HC 211, there is a need to delay the dotdata for each of the colour planes until the same dot is positionedunder the appropriate colour nozzle. The size of each buffer linedepends on the width of the print head assembly. A single PEC integratedcircuit 190 may be employed to generate dots for up to 16 print headchips 57 and, in such case, a single odd or even buffer line istherefore 16 sets of 640 dots, for a total of 10,240 bits (1280 bytes).

The PHI 214 is the means by which the PEC integrated circuit 190 loadsthe print head chips 57 with the dots to be printed, and controls theactual dot printing process. It takes input from the LLF 213 and outputsdata to the print head chips 57. The PHI 214 is capable of dealing witha variety of print head assembly lengths and formats.

A combined characterization vector of each print head assembly 50 and 51can be read back via the serial interface 205. The characterizationvector may include dead nozzle information as well as relative printheadmodule alignment data. Each printhead module can be queried via alow-speed serial bus 221 to return a characterization vector of theprinthead module.

The characterization vectors from multiple printhead modules can becombined to construct a nozzle defect list for the entire printheadassembly and allows the PEC integrated circuit 190 to compensate fordefective nozzles during printing. As long as the number of defectivenozzles is low, the compensation can produce results indistinguishablefrom those of a printhead assembly with no defective nozzles.

It will be understood that the broad constructional and operatingprinciples of the photofinishing system of the present invention may berealised with various embodiments. Thus, variations and modificationsmay be made in respect of the embodiments as specifically describedabove by way of example.

1. A printing system which comprises: a support arrangement; a printcartridge receiving arrangement mounted on the support arrangement toengage a print cartridge; a drive mechanism for driving a deliverymechanism of the print cartridge for delivering print media from theprint cartridge; a print engine mounted on the support arrangementdownstream of the print cartridge and having a pair of opposed printheadassemblies that are configured to perform double-sided printing on printmedia fed from the print cartridge between the printhead assemblies; anda slitter mounted on the support arrangement downstream of the printengine and configured to separate the print media into sheets; whereinthe slitter may be driven to cut different width prints from a singlewidth supply of print media.
 2. A printing system as claimed in claim 1,in which the support arrangement includes a cabinet arrangement in whichcomponents of to printing system are positioned.
 3. A printing system asclaimed in claim 1, in which the print cartridge receiving arrangementis configured so that a print cartridge incorporating a roll of theprint media and a supply of printing fluid can be releasably engagedwith the printing system.
 4. A printing system as claimed in claim 1, inwhich each printhead assembly includes a number of printhead modules,each printhead module including a fluid distribution arrangement and atleast one printhead chip mounted on to fluid distribution arrangement toreceive fluid from to arrangement.
 5. A printing system as claimed inclaim 4, in which each printhead module comprises a support member onwhich the fluid distribution arrangements are mounted and at least fourmicro-electromechanical integrated circuit printhead chips.
 6. Aprinting system as claimed in claim 5, which includes a digitalprocessor that is arranged to receive digitised data that isrepresentative of a photographic image and to process the data in amanner to generate a printer drive signal that is representative of thephotographic image, the printhead assemblies being coupled to thedigital processor and being arranged to process the drive signal andeffect printing of the photographic image on the print media.
 7. Aprinting system as claimed in claim 4 wherein the support arrangementincludes a casing, each printhead module being removably located in achannel portion of the casing and wherein the casing contains electricalcircuitry for controlling delivery of electrical power and drive signalsto the printhead chips.